{"id":804,"date":"2020-04-20T13:05:38","date_gmt":"2020-04-20T11:05:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.juniorinternet.sk\/cms\/?p=804"},"modified":"2020-04-20T13:17:57","modified_gmt":"2020-04-20T11:17:57","slug":"anna-semkova","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.juniorinternet.sk\/cms\/anna-semkova\/","title":{"rendered":"Anna Semkov\u00e1 (S\u0160)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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N\u00e1\u0161 vz\u0165ah k inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m sa mus\u00ed zmeni\u0165 (alebo ako bojova\u0165 s dezinform\u00e1ciami)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ako bojova\u0165 s dezinform\u00e1ciami a nestrati\u0165 pri tom slobodu m\u00e9dii? D\u00e1 sa to v\u00f4bec? A \u010do to vlastne tie dezinform\u00e1cie s\u00fa a pre\u010do n\u00e1s to v\u0161etk\u00fdch tak tr\u00e1pi (respekt\u00edve by tr\u00e1pi\u0165 malo)?<\/p>

S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 doba m\u00e1, tak ako v\u0161etky pred \u0148ou, mnoho viac-\u010di-menej lichotiv\u00fdch pr\u00edvlastkov. \u017dijeme vraj v dobe technol\u00f3gii, v dobe plastovej, \u010di tie\u017e v dobe postfaktu\u00e1lnej. Pr\u00e1ve pri poslednom z t\u00fdchto pr\u00edvlastkov sa zastav\u00edme. Ke\u010f toti\u017e hovor\u00edme o postfaktu\u00e1lnej, \u010di aj postpravdivej dobe, vrav\u00edme o dobe, v ktorej je klamstvo siln\u00e9, v ktorej tam, kde by mali rozhodova\u0165 fakty, tomu nie v\u017edy tak naozaj je. Klamstvo m\u00f4\u017eeme lacno, r\u00fdchlo a efekt\u00edvne \u0161\u00edri\u0165. Kampane, m\u00e9di\u00e1 a verejnos\u0165 klam\u00fa a s\u00fa klaman\u00e9 – \u010do je hor\u0161ie, s\u00fa ochotn\u00e9 necha\u0165 sa klama\u0165.<\/p>

Inform\u00e1cie maj\u00fa schopnos\u0165 meni\u0165 svet okolo n\u00e1s – \u010di u\u017e cez politick\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky, medic\u00ednu, alebo na\u0161e spr\u00e1vanie k r\u00f4znym men\u0161in\u00e1m. Tieto oblasti nie s\u00fa zanedbate\u013en\u00e9 a pokia\u013e ich budeme usmer\u0148ova\u0165 na z\u00e1klade klamstiev a dezinform\u00e1cii, r\u00fdchlo sa m\u00f4\u017eeme dosta\u0165 do nebezpe\u010denstva. Inform\u00e1cie, najm\u00e4 tie pravdiv\u00e9, preto nem\u00f4\u017eeme bra\u0165 ako samozrejmos\u0165. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, ako sa k nim dost\u00e1vame, ako o nich uva\u017eujeme a ako ich \u010falej pod\u00e1vame. V medzer\u00e1ch na\u0161ich schopnost\u00ed, v na\u0161ej nedbanlivosti toti\u017e vznik\u00e1 priestor pre \u017eivot a \u0161\u00edrenie nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch dezinform\u00e1cii.<\/p>

\u010co s\u00fa to dezinform\u00e1cie a pre\u010do s\u00fa nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9?<\/p>

Slovn\u00edk cudz\u00edch slov definuje dezinform\u00e1ciu ako „nespr\u00e1vnu, (vedome) skreslen\u00fa inform\u00e1ciu; jej \u0161\u00edrenie, roz\u0161\u00edrenie“. Je teda jasn\u00e9, \u017ee existencia dezinform\u00e1cii v na\u0161ich priestoroch m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 ve\u013emi nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1, a mnoho \u013eud\u00ed sa ich pr\u00e1vom boj\u00ed.<\/p>

Dezinform\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eu zamie\u0161a\u0165 politick\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky a vieru \u013eud\u00ed diametr\u00e1lne odli\u0161n\u00fdm smerom, ako si mysl\u00edme. M\u00f4\u017eu ohrozi\u0165 na\u0161e zdravie, ke\u010f sa n\u00e1s v ot\u00e1zkach medic\u00edny a lie\u010dby na\u0161ich chor\u00f4b sna\u017eia presved\u010di\u0165 o nie\u010dom, \u010do nakoniec m\u00f4\u017ee vy\u00fasti\u0165 do straty n\u00e1\u0161ho \u010dasu a pe\u0148az\u00ed, v hor\u0161om pr\u00edpade i zhor\u0161enia n\u00e1\u0161ho p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho zdravotn\u00e9ho stavu. Dezinform\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eu \u0161\u00edri\u0165 a posil\u0148ova\u0165 negat\u00edvne postoje mieren\u00e9 na etnick\u00e9 \u010di in\u00e9 men\u0161iny. V najkrajnej\u0161\u00edch pr\u00edpadoch m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165, \u017ee \u013eudia stratia ak\u00fako\u013evek d\u00f4veru vo verejn\u00e9 in\u0161tit\u00facie.<\/p>

T\u00ed najm\u00fadrej\u0161\u00ed sa preto celkom pochopite\u013ene sna\u017eia pr\u00eds\u0165 na to, ako s nimi bojova\u0165.<\/p>

Ako m\u00f4\u017eeme bojova\u0165 s dezinform\u00e1ciami?<\/p>

Toto v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou b\u00fdva moment, kedy do debaty vstupuj\u00fa aj mor\u00e1lne ot\u00e1zky. Jedn\u00fdm z na\u0161ich prv\u00fdch in\u0161tinktov toti\u017e \u010dasto b\u00fdva kontrola dezinform\u00e1cii, \u010di sk\u00f4r ak\u00e9si ich „filtrovanie“. Kritici tak\u00fdchto n\u00e1padov hovoria o hrozb\u00e1ch cenz\u00fary a ohrozen\u00ed slobody slova, pri\u010dom ich obavy rozhodne nie s\u00fa neopodstatnen\u00e9. V na\u0161ej hist\u00f3rii je ve\u013ea pr\u00edkladov, ktor\u00e9 zrete\u013ene poukazuj\u00fa na d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch, nefiltrovan\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed a slobody slova, a v na\u0161ej s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je tie\u017e mo\u017en\u00e9 nieko\u013eko n\u00e1js\u0165.<\/p>

Cenz\u00fara je kontrola a obmedzovanie \u0161\u00edrenia inform\u00e1cii a n\u00e1zorov. M\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 okrem in\u00e9ho a\u017e k autocenz\u00fare a obav\u00e1m z vyjadrenia svojich n\u00e1zorov, zaml\u010dovaniu pravdy a poru\u0161ovaniu z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, teda pr\u00e1va prejavi\u0165 vlastn\u00fd n\u00e1zor. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby si na\u0161a spolo\u010dnos\u0165 uvedomovala svoje pr\u00e1va, vr\u00e1tane momentov, kedy m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 v nebezpe\u010denstve a tak si ich chr\u00e1nila.<\/p>

A teda – napriek tomu, \u017ee hrozba \u0161\u00edrenia dezinform\u00e1cii a d\u00f4sledky tohto \u0161\u00edrenia s\u00fa ve\u013ekou hrozbou, strata slobody slova nem\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 cenou za ich zamedzenie. Pri tak\u00fdchto n\u00e1padoch sa pohybujeme na ve\u013emi tenkom \u013eade.<\/p>

Kritick\u00e9 myslenie verzus dezinform\u00e1cie<\/p>

Z vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee rie\u0161enie mus\u00edme h\u013eada\u0165 inou cestou a namiesto cenz\u00fary bojova\u0165 s dezinform\u00e1ciami vzdelan\u00edm.<\/p>

Jedn\u00fdm z naj\u010dastej\u0161ie spom\u00ednan\u00fdch sp\u00f4sobov obrany proti dezinform\u00e1ci\u00e1m je kritick\u00e9 myslenie. Pod\u013ea Akad\u00e9mie kritick\u00e9ho myslenia je najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou \u010drtou kritick\u00e9ho myslenia „snaha o pochopenie akejko\u013evek inform\u00e1cie v \u010do naj\u0161ir\u0161\u00edch s\u00favislostiach“. Ak kriticky rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013eame, pri akejko\u013evek inform\u00e1cii \u010di argumente sa na tieto skuto\u010dnosti pozer\u00e1me z r\u00f4znych uhlov a ideme pod povrch.<\/p>

T\u00e1to technika je \u010dasto spom\u00ednan\u00e1 vo vzdel\u00e1vac\u00edch programoch naprie\u010d krajinami, a teda by sa ju mali \u0161tudenti nau\u010di\u0165 u\u017e po\u010das svojho stredo\u0161kolsk\u00e9ho, pr\u00edpadne vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00fadia. V praxi v\u0161ak mnoh\u00e9 v\u00fdskumy ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee tomu tak nie je, a \u017ee vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9 vzdelanie e\u0161te nemus\u00ed by\u0165 garanciou toho, \u017ee jedinec bude schopn\u00fd odola\u0165 r\u00f4znym kon\u0161pira\u010dn\u00fdm te\u00f3ri\u00e1m a hoaxom. Kritick\u00e9mu mysleniu sa v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017eeme u\u010di\u0165 aspo\u0148 individu\u00e1lne, napr\u00edklad pomocou troch filozofick\u00fdch britiev, \u010di in\u00fdch tr\u00e9ningov kritick\u00e9ho myslenia (pozn. aut.: v roku 2017 vydal Denn\u00edk N magaz\u00edn „Kritick\u00e9 myslenie“, v ktorom je mnoho cvi\u010den\u00ed, techn\u00edk a aktiv\u00edt na cvi\u010denie kritick\u00e9ho myslenia).<\/p>

Myslie\u0165 vedecky by nemali len vedci<\/p>

Okrem kritick\u00e9ho myslenia n\u00e1m pri rozpozn\u00e1van\u00ed klamstiev a dezinform\u00e1cii m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 i vedeck\u00e9 myslenie. Ide o pou\u017eitie princ\u00edpov a postupov vedeck\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu aj mimo neho. Jednou z jeho d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed je pochopenie vz\u0165ahov medzi te\u00f3riou, hypot\u00e9zou a faktom. Vedecky zm\u00fd\u0161\u013eaj\u00faci \u010dlovek je schopn\u00fd polo\u017ei\u0165 si a sformulova\u0165 tak\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 vedecky a experiment\u00e1lne overi\u0165.<\/p>

Tak\u00e1to schopnos\u0165 porozumie\u0165 ako vznik\u00e1 vedeck\u00e9 poznanie a \u010do m\u00f4\u017eeme nazva\u0165 faktom je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 nielen pri rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013ean\u00ed o na\u0161ich vlastn\u00fdch te\u00f3ri\u00e1ch, ale aj pri prij\u00edman\u00ed t\u00fdch cudz\u00edch – teda pri \u010d\u00edtan\u00ed v\u00fdsledkov vedeck\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadii. Pri nich sa m\u00f4\u017ee toti\u017e napr\u00edklad \u010dasto sta\u0165, \u017ee novin\u00e1r ich v\u00fdsledky vo svojom \u010dl\u00e1nku zle interpretuje a sformuluje, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 nedorozumenia pri komunika\u010dnom re\u0165azci vedec – novin\u00e1r – \u010ditate\u013e. Tie\u017e n\u00e1m pom\u00e1ha n\u00e1js\u0165 nezrovnalosti napr\u00edklad medzi kauzalitou a korel\u00e1ciou, ktor\u00e9 sa v \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch tie\u017e m\u00f4\u017eu vyskytn\u00fa\u0165 (pozn. aut.: k\u00fdm kauzalita n\u00e1m vrav\u00ed, \u017ee jedna skuto\u010dnos\u0165 je priamou pr\u00ed\u010dinou tej druhej, pri korel\u00e1cii je medzi dvomi skuto\u010dnos\u0165ami \u201eiba\u201c vz\u00e1jomn\u00fd vz\u0165ah, ktor\u00fd nemus\u00ed by\u0165 nutne pr\u00ed\u010dinnos\u0165ou).<\/p>

Bohu\u017eia\u013e, vyu\u010dovanie vedy na \u0161kol\u00e1ch je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou postaven\u00e9 na u\u010den\u00ed sa faktov, a nie o tom, ako vznikaj\u00fa. Poznanie vedeck\u00fdch faktov v\u0161ak nie je z\u00e1rukou toho, \u017ee vieme aj vedecky rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165. Vedeck\u00e9 rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013eanie nie je iba o u\u010den\u00ed sa inform\u00e1cii, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 v\u017edy vyvr\u00e1ten\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdskumom – ide sk\u00f4r o n\u00e1stroje a zru\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e9 n\u00e1m m\u00f4\u017eu pom\u00f4c\u0165 zorientova\u0165 sa a samostatne rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 o inform\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 n\u00e1m prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa vedeck\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie.<\/p>

Ako teda bojova\u0165?<\/p>

Rie\u0161en\u00edm probl\u00e9mu teda nie je obmedzova\u0165 a oh\u00fdba\u0165 na\u0161e \u013eudsk\u00e9 a ob\u010dianske pr\u00e1va cenz\u00farou, ale vytvorenie si zdrav\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu s inform\u00e1ciami. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s by si mal d\u00e1va\u0165 pozor na zdroje, z ktor\u00fdch inform\u00e1cie \u010derp\u00e1, ako o nich rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013ea (napr\u00edklad pomocou kritick\u00e9ho a vedeck\u00e9ho myslenia) a najm\u00e4, ktor\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto inform\u00e1cii pos\u00favame \u010falej, \u010di u\u017e rozhovorom, alebo soci\u00e1lnymi sie\u0165ami. Pr\u00e1ve prv\u00fdm krokom na tejto ceste m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 napr\u00edklad uvedomenie si toho, \u017ee hoci sa k inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m vieme dosta\u0165 \u013eah\u0161ie ako kedyko\u013evek predt\u00fdm, nie s\u00fa samozrejmos\u0165ou. Jednou z pov\u00e1h na\u0161ej doby je tie\u017e to, \u017ee pravda a klamstv\u00e1, veda a pseudoveda sa m\u00f4\u017eu \u0161\u00edri\u0165 rovnakou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou, a je len na n\u00e1s, jednotlivcoch, aby sme si vybrali, ktorej z nich d\u00e1me svoj \u010das, energiu, priestor a moc utv\u00e1ra\u0165 svet okolo n\u00e1s.<\/p>

Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>

Slovn\u00edkov\u00fd port\u00e1l Jazykovedn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu \u013d. \u0160t\u00fara SAV. [online]. [cit. 7.3.2020]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/slovnik.juls.savba.sk\/<\/p>

Denn\u00edk N: Postfaktu\u00e1lna doba je \u013eudsk\u00e1 slabos\u0165 v priamom prenose. [online]. [cit. 7.3.2020]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/dennikn.sk\/638688\/postfaktualna-doba-je-ludska-slabost-v-priamom-prenose\/<\/p>

Wikip\u00e9dia: Cenz\u00fara (kontrola inform\u00e1ci\u00ed). [online]. [cit. 7.3.2020]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cenz%C3%BAra_(kontrola_inform%C3%A1ci%C3%AD)<\/p>

Akad\u00e9mia kritick\u00e9ho myslenia: \u010co je kritick\u00e9 myslenie. [online]. [cit. 7.3.2020]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/kritickemyslenie.sk\/co-je-kriticke-myslenie\/<\/p>

JURKOVI\u010c, M., \u010cAVOJOV\u00c1, V., BREZINA I. et al., 2019. Pre\u010do \u013eudia veria nezmyslom. Bratislava: Premedia. ISBN 978-80-8159-757-2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u00e1\u0161 vz\u0165ah k inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m sa mus\u00ed zmeni\u0165 (alebo ako bojova\u0165 s dezinform\u00e1ciami) Ako bojova\u0165 s dezinform\u00e1ciami a nestrati\u0165 pri tom slobodu m\u00e9dii? D\u00e1 sa to v\u00f4bec? A \u010do to vlastne tie dezinform\u00e1cie s\u00fa a pre\u010do n\u00e1s to v\u0161etk\u00fdch tak tr\u00e1pi (respekt\u00edve by tr\u00e1pi\u0165 malo)? S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 doba m\u00e1, tak ako v\u0161etky pred \u0148ou, mnoho viac-\u010di-menej lichotiv\u00fdch …<\/p>\n

Anna Semkov\u00e1 (S\u0160)<\/span> \u010c\u00edtajte viac »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","_joinchat":[]},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nAnna Semkov\u00e1 (S\u0160) - JUNIOR INTERNET AMAVET<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.juniorinternet.sk\/cms\/anna-semkova\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Anna Semkov\u00e1 (S\u0160) - JUNIOR INTERNET AMAVET\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"N\u00e1\u0161 vz\u0165ah k inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m sa mus\u00ed zmeni\u0165 (alebo ako bojova\u0165 s dezinform\u00e1ciami) Ako bojova\u0165 s dezinform\u00e1ciami a nestrati\u0165 pri tom slobodu m\u00e9dii? D\u00e1 sa to v\u00f4bec? A \u010do to vlastne tie dezinform\u00e1cie s\u00fa a pre\u010do n\u00e1s to v\u0161etk\u00fdch tak tr\u00e1pi (respekt\u00edve by tr\u00e1pi\u0165 malo)? 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